Towards Knowledgeable Deep Research: Framework and Benchmark

Deep Research (DR) requires LLM agents to autonomously perform multi-step information seeking, processing, and reasoning to generate comprehensive reports. In contrast to existing studies that mainly focus on unstructured web content, a more challenging DR task should additionally utilize structured knowledge to provide a solid data foundation, facilitate quantitative computation, and lead to in-depth analyses. In this paper, we refer to this novel task as Knowledgeable Deep Research (KDR), which requires DR agents to generate reports with both structured and unstructured knowledge. Furthermore, we propose the Hybrid Knowledge Analysis framework (HKA), a multi-agent architecture that reasons over both kinds of knowledge and integrates the texts, figures, and tables into coherent multimodal reports. The key design is the Structured Knowledge Analyzer, which utilizes both coding and vision-language models to produce figures, tables, and corresponding insights. To support systematic evaluation, we construct KDR-Bench, which covers 9 domains, includes 41 expert-level questions, and incorporates a large number of structured knowledge resources (e.g., 1,252 tables). We further annotate the main conclusions and key points for each question and propose three categories of evaluation metrics including general-purpose, knowledge-centric, and vision-enhanced ones. Experimental results demonstrate that HKA consistently outperforms most existing DR agents on general-purpose and knowledge-centric metrics, and even surpasses the Gemini DR agent on vision-enhanced metrics, highlighting its effectiveness in deep, structure-aware knowledge analysis. Finally, we hope this work can serve as a new foundation for structured knowledge analysis in DR agents and facilitate future multimodal DR studies.

Multimodal Reasoning with LLM for Encrypted Traffic Interpretation: A Benchmark

Network traffic, as a key media format, is crucial for ensuring security and communications in modern internet infrastructure. While existing methods offer excellent performance, they face two key bottlenecks: (1) They fail to capture multidimensional semantics beyond unimodal sequence patterns. (2) Their black box property, i.e., providing only category labels, lacks an auditable reasoning process. We identify a key factor that existing network traffic datasets are primarily designed for classification and inherently lack rich semantic annotations, failing to generate human-readable evidence report. To address data scarcity, this paper proposes a Byte-Grounded Traffic Description (BGTD) benchmark for the first time, combining raw bytes with structured expert annotations. BGTD provides necessary behavioral features and verifiable chains of evidence for multimodal reasoning towards explainable encrypted traffic interpretation. Built upon BGTD, this paper proposes an end-to-end traffic-language representation framework (mmTraffic), a multimodal reasoning architecture bridging physical traffic encoding and semantic interpretation. In order to alleviate modality interference and generative hallucinations, mmTraffic adopts a jointly-optimized perception-cognition architecture. By incorporating a perception-centered traffic encoder and a cognition-centered LLM generator, mmTraffic achieves refined traffic interpretation with guaranteed category prediction. Extensive experiments demonstrate that mmTraffic autonomously generates high-fidelity, human-readable, and evidence-grounded traffic interpretation reports, while maintaining highly competitive classification accuracy comparing to specialized unimodal model (e.g., NetMamba). The source code is available at https://github.com/lgzhangzlg/Multimodal-Reasoning-with-LLM-for-Encrypted-Traffic-Interpretation-A-Benchmark

Aligning Agents via Planning: A Benchmark for Trajectory-Level Reward Modeling

In classical Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), Reward Models (RMs) serve as the fundamental signal provider for model alignment. As Large Language Models evolve into agentic systems capable of autonomous tool invocation and complex reasoning, the paradigm of reward modeling faces unprecedented challenges--most notably, the lack of benchmarks specifically designed to assess RM capabilities within tool-integrated environments. To address this gap, we present Plan-RewardBench, a trajectory-level preference benchmark designed to evaluate how well judges distinguish preferred versus distractor agent trajectories in complex tool-using scenarios. Plan-RewardBench covers four representative task families -- (i) Safety Refusal, (ii) Tool-Irrelevance / Unavailability, (iii) Complex Planning, and (iv) Robust Error Recovery -- comprising validated positive trajectories and confusable hard negatives constructed via multi-model natural rollouts, rule-based perturbations, and minimal-edit LLM perturbations. We benchmark representative RMs (generative, discriminative, and LLM-as-Judge) under a unified pairwise protocol, reporting accuracy trends across varying trajectory lengths and task categories. Furthermore, we provide diagnostic analyses of prevalent failure modes. Our results reveal that all three evaluator families face substantial challenges, with performance degrading sharply on long-horizon trajectories, underscoring the necessity for specialized training in agentic, trajectory-level reward modeling. Ultimately, Plan-RewardBench aims to serve as both a practical evaluation suite and a reusable blueprint for constructing agentic planning preference data.

The Weaponization of Computer Vision: Tracing Military-Surveillance Ties through Conference Sponsorship

Computer vision, a core domain of artificial intelligence (AI), is the field that enables the computational analysis, understanding, and generation of visual data. Despite being historically rooted in military funding and increasingly deployed in warfare, the field tends to position itself as a neutral, purely technical endeavor, failing to engage in discussions about its dual-use applications. Yet it has been reported that computer vision systems are being systematically weaponized to assist in technologies that inflict harm, such as surveillance or warfare. Expanding on these concerns, we study the extent to which computer vision research is being used in the military and surveillance domains. We do so by collecting a dataset of tech companies with financial ties to the field's central research exchange platform: conferences. Conference sponsorship, we argue, not only serves as strong evidence of a company's investment in the field but also provides a privileged position for shaping its trajectory. By investigating sponsors' activities, we reveal that 44% of them have a direct connection with military or surveillance applications. We extend our analysis through two case studies in which we discuss the opportunities and limitations of sponsorship as a means for uncovering technological weaponization.

EMSDialog: Synthetic Multi-person Emergency Medical Service Dialogue Generation from Electronic Patient Care Reports via Multi-LLM Agents

Conversational diagnosis prediction requires models to track evolving evidence in streaming clinical conversations and decide when to commit to a diagnosis. Existing medical dialogue corpora are largely dyadic or lack the multi-party workflow and annotations needed for this setting. We introduce an ePCR-grounded, topic-flow-based multi-agent generation pipeline that iteratively plans, generates, and self-refines dialogues with rule-based factual and topic flow checks. The pipeline yields EMSDialog, a dataset of 4,414 synthetic multi-speaker EMS conversations based on a real-world ePCR dataset, annotated with 43 diagnoses, speaker roles, and turn-level topics. Human and LLM evaluations confirm high quality and realism of EMSDialog using both utterance- and conversation-level metrics. Results show that EMSDialog-augmented training improves accuracy, timeliness, and stability of EMS conversational diagnosis prediction.

A Graph-Enhanced Defense Framework for Explainable Fake News Detection with LLM

Explainable fake news detection aims to assess the veracity of news claims while providing human-friendly explanations. Existing methods incorporating investigative journalism are often inefficient and struggle with breaking news. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) enable leveraging externally retrieved reports as evidence for detection and explanation generation, but unverified reports may introduce inaccuracies. Moreover, effective explainable fake news detection should provide a comprehensible explanation for all aspects of a claim to assist the public in verifying its accuracy. To address these challenges, we propose a graph-enhanced defense framework (G-Defense) that provides fine-grained explanations based solely on unverified reports. Specifically, we construct a claim-centered graph by decomposing the news claim into several sub-claims and modeling their dependency relationships. For each sub-claim, we use the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technique to retrieve salient evidence and generate competing explanations. We then introduce a defense-like inference module based on the graph to assess the overall veracity. Finally, we prompt an LLM to generate an intuitive explanation graph. Experimental results demonstrate that G-Defense achieves state-of-the-art performance in both veracity detection and the quality of its explanations.

Measurement-Based Ultra-Massive MIMO Statistical Channel Characterization and System Performance Evaluation for UMi Environments at 15 GHz FR3 Spectrum

This paper presents a detailed measurement campaign and a comprehensive analysis of 15 GHz ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM-MIMO) channels tailored for the urban microcell (UMi) environment. Channel sounding is performed over 14.875-15.125 GHz using a time-domain platform comprising a 128-element L-shaped transmit array and a 64-element square receive array. Four representative scenarios are investigated, namely near-field line-of-sight (LoS), near-field foliage-shaded, far-field foliage-shaded, and far-field LoS street canyon scenarios, resulting in 81 distinct transmit-receive links. Based on the measured data, conventional channel characteristics, including path loss, power delay angle profiles, delay spread, and angular spread, are characterized, while UM-MIMO-specific phenomena associated with near-field effects, spatial non-stationarity (SNS), and channel hardening (CHD) are quantitatively analyzed. Channel capacity is further evaluated to reveal the effects of different UMi propagation conditions on system performance. The reported results provide empirical support for the new mid-band spectrum (6-24 GHz, including Frequency Range 3 (FR3)) UM-MIMO channel modeling and offer practical guidance for the design and deployment of future sixth-generation (6G) microcell networks.

Towards Trustworthy Report Generation: A Deep Research Agent with Progressive Confidence Estimation and Calibration

As agent-based systems continue to evolve, deep research agents are capable of automatically generating research-style reports across diverse domains. While these agents promise to streamline information synthesis and knowledge exploration, existing evaluation frameworks-typically based on subjective dimensions-fail to capture a critical aspect of report quality: trustworthiness. In open-ended research scenarios where ground-truth answers are unavailable, current evaluation methods cannot effectively measure the epistemic confidence of generated content, making calibration difficult and leaving users susceptible to misleading or hallucinated information. To address this limitation, we propose a novel deep research agent that incorporates progressive confidence estimation and calibration within the report generation pipeline. Our system leverages a deliberative search model, featuring deep retrieval and multi-hop reasoning to ground outputs in verifiable evidence while assigning confidence scores to individual claims. Combined with a carefully designed workflow, this approach produces trustworthy reports with enhanced transparency. Experimental results and case studies demonstrate that our method substantially improves interpretability and significantly increases user trust.

Fundus-R1: Training a Fundus-Reading MLLM with Knowledge-Aware Reasoning on Public Data

Fundus imaging such as CFP, OCT and UWF is crucial for the early detection of retinal anomalies and diseases. Fundus image understanding, due to its knowledge-intensive nature, poses a challenging vision-language task. An emerging approach to addressing the task is to post-train a generic multimodal large language model (MLLM), either by supervised finetuning (SFT) or by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), on a considerable amount of in-house samples paired with high-quality clinical reports. However, these valuable samples are not publicly accessible, which not only hinders reproducibility but also practically limits research to few players. To overcome the barrier, we make a novel attempt to train a reasoning-enhanced fundus-reading MLLM, which we term Fundus-R1, using exclusively public datasets, wherein over 94\% of the data are annotated with only image-level labels. Our technical contributions are two-fold. First, we propose a RAG-based method for composing image-specific, knowledge-aware reasoning traces. Such auto-generated traces link visual findings identified by a generic MLLM to the image labels in terms of ophthalmic knowledge. Second, we enhance RLVR with a process reward that encourages self-consistency of the generated reasoning trace in each rollout. Extensive experiments on three fundus-reading benchmarks, i.e., FunBench, Omni-Fundus and GMAI-Fundus, show that Fundus-R1 clearly outperforms multiple baselines, including its generic counterpart (Qwen2.5-VL) and a stronger edition post-trained without using the generated traces. This work paves the way for training powerful fundus-reading MLLMs with publicly available data.

RASR: Retrieval-Augmented Semantic Reasoning for Fake News Video Detection

Multimodal fake news video detection is a crucial research direction for maintaining the credibility of online information. Existing studies primarily verify content authenticity by constructing multimodal feature fusion representations or utilizing pre-trained language models to analyze video-text consistency. However, these methods still face the following limitations: (1) lacking cross-instance global semantic correlations, making it difficult to effectively utilize historical associative evidence to verify the current video; (2) semantic discrepancies across domains hinder the transfer of general knowledge, lacking the guidance of domain-specific expert knowledge. To this end, we propose a novel Retrieval-Augmented Semantic Reasoning (RASR) framework. First, a Cross-instance Semantic Parser and Retriever (CSPR) deconstructs the video into high-level semantic primitives and retrieves relevant associative evidence from a dynamic memory bank. Subsequently, a Domain-Guided Multimodal Reasoning (DGMP) module incorporates domain priors to drive an expert multimodal large language model in generating domain-aware, in-depth analysis reports. Finally, a Multi-View Feature Decoupling and Fusion (MVDFF) module integrates multi-dimensional features through an adaptive gating mechanism to achieve robust authenticity determination. Extensive experiments on the FakeSV and FakeTT datasets demonstrate that RASR significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieves superior cross-domain generalization, and improves the overall detection accuracy by up to 0.93%.